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この宇宙が二次元のホログラムであるという証拠が見つかる

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この宇宙全体が二次元の平面から投影されたホログラムであるという「ホログラフィック原理」を裏付ける観測データが発見された。

英国、カナダ、イタリアの物理学者と天文学者チームが発表した。論文は物理学専門誌「Physical Review Letters」に掲載された。

プランク衛星による観測データから宇宙背景放射(CMB)のゆらぎを精密に分析した結果、CMBゆらぎはホログラフィック原理によって完全に説明できることが分ったという。

現代宇宙論の主流であるインフレーション理論によっても、CMBゆらぎは説明可能である。しかし、ホログラフィック原理を用いても、インフレーション理論と同程度には、観測データを合理的に説明できると確認されたことになる。

ホログラフィック原理によれば、宇宙(三次元空間+時間次元)に存在する実体はすべて、宇宙の境界にある二次元平面に保存された情報が投影されたものとして説明される。

それはフィルム上に記録された干渉縞の模様にレーザー光を当てるだけで完全な立体映像を再生できるホログラフィー技術とよく似ている。通常のホログラム映像と違うのは、ホログラフィック原理で再生されるのはこの宇宙全体であり、映像として見ることができるだけでなく、実際に触ることのできる実体をもっているということである。

■ブラックホールとホログラフィック原理

ホログラフィック原理は、ブラックホールに吸い込まれた情報がどうなるのかという物理学上の論争の中から生まれた理論である。

スティーブン・ホーキングは、ブラックホールが最終的に蒸発して消えるとき、ブラックホール内部に吸い込まれた情報もこの宇宙から完全に消滅すると予想した。しかし、この考え方は、「すべての情報は保存される」という物理学の原則に矛盾するものだった。

トフーフトとサスキンドはこの矛盾を解決するため、ブラックホールに関する新しい理論を提示した。その理論によれば、ブラックホールに物体が落ちていくとき、その情報はブラックホールの内部ではなく、ブラックホールの境界平面上に保存される。このように考えることで、ブラックホールの蒸発によって情報が完全に失われるというパラドックスを回避することができる。

その後、ジュアン・マルダセナは、AdS/CFT対応と呼ばれる原理を発見し、高次元の反ドジッター空間に関する理論がより低次元の場の理論と数学的に等価であることを示した。この発見によって、ブラックホール内部の世界は、ブラックホールの表面に保存された情報によって完全に記述できることが理論的に裏付けられた。

「宇宙全体が、二次元平面に保存された情報の投影である」と考えるホログラフィック原理も、この理論から導き出されたものである。

つまり、わかりやすく言えば、わたしたちのいるこの宇宙全体が、巨大なブラックホールの内部にある――とみなすことができる、ということになる…。

Study reveals substantial evidence of holographic universe
From Planck Data to Planck Era: Observational Tests of Holographic Cosmology


Study reveals substantial evidence of holographic universe

University of Southampton

A UK, Canadian and Italian study has provided what researchers believe is the first observational evidence that our universe could be a vast and complex hologram.

Theoretical physicists and astrophysicists, investigating irregularities in the cosmic microwave background (the 'afterglow' of the Big Bang), have found there is substantial evidence supporting a holographic explanation of the universe - in fact, as much as there is for the traditional explanation of these irregularities using the theory of cosmic inflation.

The researchers, from the University of Southampton (UK), University of Waterloo (Canada), Perimeter Institute (Canada), INFN, Lecce (Italy) and the University of Salento (Italy), have published findings in the journal Physical Review Letters.

A holographic universe, an idea first suggested in the 1990s, is one where all the information, which makes up our 3D 'reality' (plus time) is contained in a 2D surface on its boundaries.

Professor Kostas Skenderis of Mathematical Sciences at the University of Southampton explains: "Imagine that everything you see, feel and hear in three dimensions (and your perception of time) in fact emanates from a flat two-dimensional field. The idea is similar to that of ordinary holograms where a three-dimensional image is encoded in a two-dimensional surface, such as in the hologram on a credit card. However, this time, the entire universe is encoded!"

Although not an example with holographic properties, it could be thought of as rather like watching a 3D film in a cinema. We see the pictures as having height, width and crucially, depth - when in fact it all originates from a flat 2D screen. The difference, in our 3D universe, is that we can touch objects and the 'projection' is 'real' from our perspective.

In recent decades, advances in telescopes and sensing equipment have allowed scientists to detect a vast amount of data hidden in the 'white noise' or microwaves (partly responsible for the random black and white dots you see on an un-tuned TV) left over from the moment the universe was created. Using this information, the team were able to make complex comparisons between networks of features in the data and quantum field theory. They found that some of the simplest quantum field theories could explain nearly all cosmological observations of the early universe.

Professor Skenderis comments: "Holography is a huge leap forward in the way we think about the structure and creation of the universe. Einstein's theory of general relativity explains almost everything large scale in the universe very well, but starts to unravel when examining its origins and mechanisms at quantum level. Scientists have been working for decades to combine Einstein's theory of gravity and quantum theory. Some believe the concept of a holographic universe has the potential to reconcile the two. I hope our research takes us another step towards this."

The scientists now hope their study will open the door to further our understanding of the early universe and explain how space and time emerged.

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Notes to editors

1) The attached image shows: A sketch of the timeline of the holographic Universe. Time runs from left to right. The far left denotes the holographic phase and the image is blurry because space and time are not yet well defined. At the end of this phase (denoted by the black fluctuating ellipse) the Universe enters a geometric phase, which can now be described by Einstein's equations. The cosmic microwave background was emitted about 375,000 years later. Patterns imprinted in it carry information about the very early Universe and seed the development of structures of stars and galaxies in the late time Universe (far right). Credit: Paul McFadden

2) Professor Kostas Skenderis is a Professor in Mathematical Sciences at the University of Southampton and the Director of the Southampton Theory Astrophysics and Gravity (STAG) Research Centre. The other members of the project team are:

Professor Niayesh Afshordi of the Perimeter Institute and University of Waterloo, Canada

Professor Claudio Corianò, a Leverhulme visiting professor at the University of Southampton at the time of the research, based at INFN, Lecce and the University of Salento, Italy

Elizabeth Gould of the Perimeter Institute and University of Waterloo, Canada

Dr Luigi Delle Rose of the University of Southampton and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory.

3) A copy of the paper From Planck data to Planck era: Observational tests of Holographic Cosmology can be obtained by journalists from Media Relations on request.

4) For more information about Mathematical Sciences at the University of Southampton visit: http://www.southampton.ac.uk/maths/index.page

5) For more information about the Southampton Theory Astrophysics and Gravity (STAG) Research Centre visit: http://www.southampton.ac.uk/stag/index.page

6) The University of Southampton is a leading UK teaching and research institution with a global reputation for leading-edge research and scholarship across a wide range of subjects in engineering, science, social sciences, health and humanities.

With over 24,000 students, 6500 staff, and an annual turnover in excess of £550m, the University of Southampton is acknowledged as one of the country's top institutions for engineering, computer science and medicine. We combine academic excellence with an innovative and entrepreneurial approach to research, supporting a culture that engages and challenges students and staff in their pursuit of learning.

The University is also home to a number of world-leading research centres including the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, the Optoelectronics Research Centre, the Institute for Life Sciences, the Web Science Trust and Doctoral training Centre, the Centre for the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, the Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute and is a partner of the National Oceanography Centre at the Southampton waterfront campus.
http://www.southampton.ac.uk/

For further information contact:

Peter Franklin, Media Relations, University of Southampton, Tel: 023 8059 5457 Email: p.franklin@southampton.ac.uk

http://www.soton.ac.uk/mediacentre/
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江守孝三(Emori Kozo)