温故知新(TOP)(萬葉集 Man'yōshū) (Four-Character) (Yojijukugo) (名言Quotation)

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Poem No. 1-2    By Emperor Jomei when he climbed Kagu Hill to view the land

大和には 群山あれど とりよろふ 天の香具山 登り立ち 国見をすれば
国原は 煙立ち立つ 海原は 鴎立ち立つ うまし国ぞ 蜻蛉島 大和の国は
Yamato ni wa murayama aredo toriyorou Ame-no-Kaguyama noboritachi kunimi o sureba
kunihara wa keburi tachitatsu unahara wa kamame tachitatsu umashi kuni zo akizushima
Yamato no kuni wa 

大和には やまとには = 大和(の国)には = In (the land of)  Yamato
群山あれど むらやまあれど = 多くの山々(やまやま) があるけれど = (although) there are many hills/mountains
とりよろふ = (緑の)装(よそお) いの調(ととの)った  = (which is) cloaked in foliage; richly adorned with green foliage
天の香具山 あめのかぐやま = heavenly Kagu Hill
登り立ち のぼりたち = 登り立って = (I) climb up (and)
国見をすれば くにみをすれば = (when) I view/survey the land
国原は くにはらは = ひろびろと開(ひら)けた平野(へいや) には = (on) the open plain of land
煙立ち立つ けぶりたちたつ = (かまどの)煙(けむり) が立ち上(のぼ)り = smoke (from the hearths) rises
海原は うなはらは = 広い海・湖(みずうみ) の面(おも) には = (on) the open plain of waters; (on) the surface of the lake
鴎立ち立つ かまめたちたつ = カモメが飛(と) び立ち = gulls/plovers rise/take off
うまし国ぞ うましくにぞ = (how) splendid a land (it is)
蜻蛉島 あきづしま = a makurakotoba that modifies "Yamato."
大和の国は やまとのくには = the land of Yamato!

大和(の国)にはたくさんの山があるけれど、(緑の)装いに包まれた天の香具山に 登り立って国見をすると、広い平野には(かまどの)煙が立ち上り、(湖の)水面からは カモメが飛びたっている。 すばらしい国だ、大和の国は。

Of many hills in the land of Yamato,
I climb heavenly Kagu Hill richly adorned with green foliage,
and stand on the summit to view my realm,
I see smoke rising on the open plain of land
and gulls taking off from the surface of the lake.
A splendid land, is this land of Yamato!

Notes:
* 群山・むらやま = a group of hills/mountains
* とりよろふ・取り具ふ(とりよろう) = 完全に調っている; 装い(よそおい)が美しい = be in good order; be richly-adorned with (something).
* 国見をする・くにみをする = for an emperor to stand on a high ground/structure to observe the living conditions of the people
* うまし 甘し・美し = すばらしい;立派な;満ち足りて快い = splendid
* 蜻蛉島・あきずしま = It may also mean "the land of dragonflies," where dragonflies were considered a symbol of bountiful harvest.

Poem No. 1-8    By Princess Nukata

熟田津に 船乗せむと 月待てば 潮もかなひぬ 今は漕ぎ出でな
Nikitatsu ni funanori semuto tsuki mateba shio mo kanainu ima wa kogiidena

熟田津に にきたつに = 熟田津(の港)で = in (the harbor of) Nikitatsu

船乗せむと ふなのりせむと = 船に乗ろうとして; 船出(ふなで) をしょうとして = intending to set sail; about to embark on a boat

月待てば つきまてば = 月のでを待っていると = as we wait for the moon to rise

潮もかなひぬ しほもかなひぬ = 潮も(み) 満ちてきた = the tide is turning in our favor

今は漕ぎ出でな いまはこぎいでな = 今こそ漕ぎ出そう = now let us take to our oars; now let us row out to sea

塾田津で船に乗ろうとして月の出を待っていると、(月が出て)潮もちょうどよくなってきた。 さあ今こそ漕ぎ出そう。

Awaiting the moonrise to put our ships to sea at the port of Nikitatsu,
with the moon the tide comes in.   Now, let's row out!


Poem No. 1-15   By Prince Naka no Ōe

わたつみの 豊旗雲に 入日さし 今夜の月夜 さやけかりこそ
Watatsumi no toyohatakumo ni irihi sashi koyoi no tsukuyo sayakekari koso

わたつみの = 海の、海の上の = over the sea

豊旗雲に とよはたぐもに = 旗のように豊 (ゆた)かになびいている美しい雲に =  on the beautiful banner-like clouds

入日さし いりひさし = 夕日(ゆうひ) がさして = the setting sun is lighting up; the rays of the evening sun are shining

今夜の月夜 こよいのつくよ = 今宵(こよい) の月夜(つきよ)は = the moon(light) of this evening

さやけかりこそ = さややかであってほしい = May (it) be serene and bright!

海の上にたなびいている雲に夕日がさしている。 その今夜の月は、清く明るくあってほしいものだ。

On the banner-like clouds over the sea, the setting sun is glowing.
May the moonlight of this evening be serene and bright!

Notes:
* さやけかりこそ = さやけく あって ほしい       さやけし = 清らかだ、澄んでいる = serene, clear, bright.    さやけかり =  さやけく + あり    こそ = an end-of-sentence particle that expresses a wish about the state of something.


Poem No. 1-20   By Princess Nukata when Emperor Tenji had a hunt in the fields of Gamō in 668

あかねさす 紫野行き 標野行き 野守は見ずや 君が袖振る
Akane sasu murasakino yuki shimeno yuki nomori wa mizu ya kimi ga sode furu

あかねさす = 「紫」の枕詞 = a makurakotoba for "murasaki"

紫野行き むらさきのゆき = Riding back and forth through the field of gromwell plants

標野行き しめのゆき = 御料地の野をあちこちと行きながら  = Riding back and forth through the Imperial field marked off with sacred ropes

野守は見ずや のもりはみずや = 野の番人(ばんにん) は見ていないでしょうか = Isn't the groundkeeper watching?  Won't the groundkeeper see?

君が袖振る きみがそでふる = あなたが(私に)袖を振っているのを =  that you are waving your sleeves (at me)

紫草の御料地をあちらへ行きこちらへ行きしながら、あなたが袖を振っておられるのを、野守は 見ていないでしょうか。

You ride back and forth through the Imperial fields of gromwell plants:
Isn't the groundkeeper watching your waving of the sleeves at me?

Notes:
* あかね・茜: madder (a plant); madder red (a dark red)
* ・むらさき or 紫草 (むらさき・むらさきそう) = gromwell, a plant from whose roots is extracted a purple-color dye.    紫野 = a field of gromwell plants.
* 標野・しめの = a field of plants owned by the nobility and was marked with sacred ropes (shime).
* 御料地・ごりょうち = an Imperial estate/forest/field.
* 袖振る・そでふる = The waving of the sleeves was considered a way of showing affection for someone.

This poem was addressed to her former lover, Prince Ōama. At the time this poem was written (668), Princess Nukata was nearly forty years old. For years now she had been one of the consorts of Emperor Tenji, Prince Ōama's elder brother. This poem and the envoy to it (Poem 1-21) by Prince Ōama were presumably exchanged half in jest at a banquet in the presence of Emperor Tenji. These pieces are perhaps the most famous and popular of all the Man'yōshū poems.


Poem No. 1-21   By Prince Ōama, an envoy addressed to Poem 1-20 by Princess Nukata

紫草の にほへる妹を 憎くあらば 人妻ゆゑに われ恋ひめやも
Murasaki no nioeru imo o nikuku araba hitozuma yue ni ware koime ya mo
紫草の むらさきの = 紫草(むらさきそう) のように = like/as the murasaki plants

にほへるを におえるいもを = (~のように)美しいあなたを  = you who are as beautiful (as)

憎くあらば にくくあらば = 憎く思うならば = if I hated you; if I did not care for you

人妻ゆゑに ひとづまゆえに  = (あなたは)人妻だのに、人妻であるというのに = even though you are someone else's wife; being fully aware that you are someone else's wife

われ恋ひめやも われこいめやも = どうして(この)私が(あなたに) 恋い焦がれようか = How woud I suffer the anguish of being madly in love with you?

紫草のように美しいあなたを、もし憎いと思うならば、あなたはもう人妻だのに、どうして私が恋い焦がれようか。

If I did not care for you, who are as beautiful as the glowing purple of gromwell plants, would I dare to be so madly in love with you, knowing full well that you are another's wife?

Notes:
* にほへる ← 匂ふ・にほふ (におう)  = 美しく光る。 艶麗 (えんれい) である = glowingly beautiful; enchanting; captivating 
* ・いも = (a man's) sweetheart, wife, sister
* 人妻・ひとづま = 他人 (たにん)の 妻 (つま) = another man's wife.    Princess Nukata, who had once been married to Prince Ōama, was now a consort of his elder brother, Emperor Tenji.
* ゆゑに・ゆえに    Here, "ゆえに" means "~なのに、~だというのに".  = even though; notwithstanding
* やも = ...であろうか、いや、そんなことはない。 = "Would I? No, I wouldn't!."

Poem No. 1-28   By Empress Jitō

春過ぎて 夏来るらし 白妙の 衣干したり 天の香具山
Haru sugite natsu kitaru rashi shirotae no koromo hoshitari Ame-no-Kaguyama
春過ぎて はるすぎて = 春がすぎて = Spring has passed, and

夏来るらし なつきたるらし = 夏がきたらしい = summer seems to have arrived

白妙の しろたえの = 白い布(ぬの)の = of white; of white cloth

衣干したり ころもほしたり = 衣が干してある = garments hung dry

天の香具山 あめのかぐやま = 天の香具山(の上)に = (on) heavenly Kagu Hill.

春が過ぎて夏が来たようだ。 白い布の衣が干してある。 天の香具山に。

Spring is gone, and summer seems to be here:
Garments of white cloth are hung to dry on heavenly Kagu Hill.


Poem No. 1-33   Poem of sorrow at the old capital of Ōmi by Takechi Furuhito or perhaps by Takechi Kurohito

楽浪の 国つ御神の うらさびて 荒れたる都 見れば悲しも
Sasanami no kuni tsu mikami no urasabite aretaru miyako mireba kanashi mo
楽浪の ささなみの = of Sasanami 

国つ御神の くにつみかみの = 国の神(地霊 (ちれい))が = the god of the land; the spirit of the area

うらさびて 心さびて = (心が)衰えて = (one's spirit) being on the wane; 心細く(こころぼそく)感じて = feeling forlorn/uneasy/apprehensive

荒れたる都 あれたるみやこ = 荒廃した(こうはいした)都を =  the (old) capital that lies in ruins 

見れば悲しも みればかなしも = 見ると悲しいものだ = (I) am desolated to see it

楽浪の土地の神の心が衰えたために荒れ果ててしまった都を見るのは悲しいものだ。

The sprit having waned from the god of the land of Sasanami,
I am desolated to see the old capital now lying in ruins.

Notes:
* 楽浪 ささなみ = The area on the southwest coast of Lake Biwa including present-day Ōtsu City, Shiga Prefecture. In 667 Emperor Tenchi moved his capital from Yamato to this area, where it remained capital (known as Ōtsu no Miya) till 672.
* 心さびて・うらさびて    It was believed that if the spirit of the god of the land is on the wane, the area falls into decay.

Poem No. 1-40   Composed by Kakimoto Hitomaro, who remained in the capital when the Empress Jitō visited the province of Ise in the spring of 692, imagining the scene of a boating party of the young court ladies on the Bay of Ami.

嗚呼見の浦に 船乗すらむ 少女らが 玉藻の裾に 潮満つらむか  
Ami no ura ni funanori suran otomera ga tamamo no suso ni shio mitsuramu ka
嗚呼見の浦に あみのうらに = あみの浦で = On the Bay of Ami

船乗すらむ ふなのりすらん = 船遊びしているであろう = (who) are probably going boating now

少女らが おとめらが = 少女たちの = the maidens' ; the young court ladies'

玉藻の裾に たまものすそに = 美しい衣(ころも)の裾に  = to the hems of the skirts of those elegant garments; on the trains of their beautiful court dresses

潮満つらむか しおみつらんか = 潮が寄せているだろうか = Is the tide gently swelling up to ... ? Are the waves gently breaking on ...?; Is the tide gently rising to touch ...?

嗚呼見の浦で船遊びをしている若い官女たちの美しい衣の裾に潮が豊かに寄せているだろうか。

On Ami Bay, where the court maidens must now be going boating,
is the tide gently rising to touch the hems of their elegant skirts?

Notes:
* 嗚呼見の浦・あみのうら: Its exact location has not been identified. Probably an inlet near Ise in present-day Mie Prefecture.
* ・たま = beautiful    ・も = the floor length skirt of a lady's full dress.


Poem No. 1-48   Composed by Kakimoto Hitomaro on the occasion of the night-camping trip of Prince Karu on the plain of Aki.

東の 野に炎の 立つ見えて かへり見すれば 月かたぶきぬ
Himugashi no no ni kagiroi no tatsu miete kaerimi sureba tsuki katabukinu
東の野に ひむがしののに = 東方の野に = on the eastern plain; eastward upon the plain 

炎の立つ見えて かぎろいのたつみえて = 曙(あけぼの)の光が射し始めるのが見えて =  (I see) the first light of dawn blushing (the horizon) 

かへり見すれば かえりみすれば = 振り返ってみると = when I look back; as I turn round I see

月かたぶきぬ つきかたぶきぬ = 月が(西に)沈みかけている = The moon is about to sink (behind the mountains in the west)

東方の野に曙の光がさし始めるのが見え、振り返って見ると西の空に低く月が沈みかけている。

On the eastern plain is seen a flickering of glowing dawn:
Looking back, I see the moon setting in the west.

Notes:
* trip:    Kakimoto Hitomaro accompanied Prince Karu on a trip to this field to remember the late Crown Prince Kusakabe, father of the prince, with whom they had come hunting.
* plain of Aki:    阿騎の野・あきのの.    Located in Uda District in Yamato.

Poem No. 1-51   Composed by Prince Shiki at the old Asuka Palace.

采女の 袖吹きかへす 明日香風 都を遠み いたずらに吹く
Uneme no sode fukikaesu asukakaze miyako o tōmi itazura ni fuku
采女の うねめの = 侍女たちの = of the maids-in-waiting

袖吹きかへす そでふきかえす = 袖をひるがえす(はずの)、(かっては)袖を吹き返した = (that are supposed to) flutter the sleeves; (that used to) flutter the sleeves 

明日香風 あすかかぜ = 明日香のかぜは = Winds of Asuka

都を遠み みやこをとおみ = 都が遠いので、 (今は)都が遠くなったので = the capital (now) being far away

いたずらに吹く いたずらにふく = 空 (むな) しく吹いている = are blowing in vain

侍女たちの袖をひるがえした明日香の風は、いまは都も遠くなったので、ただ空しく吹いている。

Winds of Asuka that used to flutter the sleeves of court maidens
are blowing in vain, now that the capital is far away.

Notes:
* Asuka Palace    In the year 694, Empress Jitō relocated the court from the Palace at Asuka to that of Fujiwara, both in the Yamato region.
* 采女・うねめ = a maid-in-waiting at the court

Poem No. 1-58   Composed by Takechi Kurohito on the occasion of the visit to the province of Mikawa by the ex-Empress Jitō in 702.

何処にか 船泊てすらむ 安礼の崎 漕ぎたみ行きし 棚無し小舟
Izuku ni ka funahate suran Are-no-saki kogitamiyukishi tananashi obune
何処にか いずくにか = どこに = where?

船泊てすらむ ふなはてすらん = 停泊するのだろうか; 泊まっているのだろうか = will it find harbor?; may it be harboring?; will it find a mooring?

安礼の崎 あれのさき = 安礼の岬(みさき) = the headland of Are; Are Point

漕ぎたみ行きし こぎたみゆきし = 漕いで廻って行った; 漕ぎめぐって去って行った = (the boat that) coasted round Are Point; (the boat that) rowed away around the headland of Are

棚無し小舟 たななしおぶね = 刳り舟(くりぶね)は  = the dugout

安礼の岬を 漕いで廻って行った あの刳り舟は、(今頃は)どこに 泊まっているのだろうか。

That tiny dugout boat that rowed away around Are Point,
Where will it find a mooring for the night?

Notes:
* 安礼の崎    Its exact location has not been identified.
* 棚無し小舟・たななしおぶね = 側面に板を張ってない小舟、刳り舟 (くりぶね) = a boat without reinforcing sideboards; a dugout

Poem No. 1-64   Written by Prince Shiki on the occasion of the visit to the Palace of Naniwa by Emperor Mommu in 706.

葦辺行く 鴨の羽がひに 霜降りて 寒き夕へは 大和し思ほゆ
Ashibe yuku kamo no hagai ni shimo furite samuki yūhe wa Yamato shi omōyu
葦辺行く あしべゆく = 葦辺を泳いで行く = swimming close to the reed-grown shore

鴨の羽がひに かものはがいに = 鴨の羽の上に = on the folded wings of the mallards

霜降りて しもふりて = 霜が降って; 霜が降りて (しもがおりて) = are frosty; are covered with frost

寒き夕へは さむきゆうへは = 寒い夕べは; 寒い晩には = in the cold evening 

大和思ほゆ やまとしおもおゆ = 大和が思い出される = (I) cannot but remember Yamato; my thoughts go back to Yamato

葦辺を泳いで行く鴨の背に霜が降りて寒い(こんな)夕べには大和が思われてならない。

On this cold and chilly evening,
when frost forms on the folded wings of the mallards
as they swim near the reedy shore,
My thoughts go back to Yamato.

Notes:
* 羽がい・羽交い・はがい = 鳥の左右の羽が交差するあたり。 または、鳥の羽のこと。
* 「」 in 「大和し」: 強意の副助詞。 An adverbial particle stressing the word preceding it -- in this case, "Yamato."

引用文献


江守孝三(emori kozo)